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Impact of FACTS devices on exercising market power in deregulated electricity market

Shanmugam PRABHAKAR KARTHIKEYAN, I. JACOB RAGLEND, D. P. KOTHARI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第4期页码 448-455 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0262-x

摘要： In power system studies, congestion in transmission lines and utilization of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices are closely associated. These devices are very important due to their role in power delivery system enhancement. It is to be noted that the generation companies can exercise their market power which depends on the line flows, line constraints, generators’ location and its share to the individual loads. This issue cannot be overlooked as it creates monopoliness which is against the deregulated market policy. The objective of this paper is to study the impact of market power when FACTS devices like thyristor controlled switching capacitor (TCSC) and thyristor controlled phase angle regulator (TCPAR) are used under steady state operation. The market power is determined using nodal must-run share (NMRS) index for the standard IEEE 14-bus system with and without the above FACTS devices and the results obtained are compared. All the above simulations are conducted in a MATLAB 7.9-R2009b environment.

关键词： flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) thyristor controlled switching capacitor (TCSC) thyristor controlled phase angle regulator (TCPAR) market power must-run generation (MRG) nodal must-run share (NMRS)

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Integration of renewable energies, flexible loads and storages into the German power grid: Actual situationin German change of power system

Harald SCHWARZ, Xiaoshu CAI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第2期页码 107-118 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0470-x

摘要： Starting from the late 1990’s, the German government decided to change the national electric power supply system dramatically. The main stimulating instrument was the German Law on Renewable Energies (Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz (EEG)), which guaranteed a fixed feed-in tariff to everyone who was willing to invest into renewable generation. Based on the year of commissioning, defined revenues per kWh were fixed for the next 20 years. Due to a very attractive over-funding, more than 1.5 million renewable generation units were connected to the German grid up to the end of 2015. According to the EEG, renewable generation units can feed to the grid wherever they are located and whenever they are able to produce. The old physical principle was and is still neglected, which clearly stated that generation always has to follow the demand—simply due to the limited availability of storages in the power system. Only in cases, when temporarily renewable overproduction exceeds the tolerable loading of lines or transformers respectively endangers the system stability in total, are German grid operators allowed to announce curtailments by emergency measures. Even in such cases, the “not produced energy” from renewable sources has to be funded. Although the installed capacity from renewables is much higher than the peak load in Germany, it contributes only about 32% to German average annual energy. Unfortunately, the regional distribution of renewable generation and load is very different, e.g. in the northeast of Germany, this Renewable Energy (RE)-ratio meanwhile exceeds 100% due to the high RE-penetration and low load. High transits of renewable overproduction from the north to the south will be necessary at nearly every day per year. Therefore, a tremendous change is needed within the German power grid. This paper will give a first overview followed by several others, describing possible solutions on how to overcome this critical situation.

关键词： grid integration renewable energies system stability storages flexible loads new market design

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评价企业营销力的一个新方法

徐丽娟

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第6期页码 100-102

摘要：

市场的可拓性关系着企业市场营销工作的效率和效果，可拓营销力是企业在市场竞争过程中通过营销活动形成的获得消费者认同的能力。这种认同可能会直接带来销售额、利润，也有可能只是使消费者产生了对企业或者产品、品牌的兴趣，但是一定会为未来的企业销售活动打好良好的商誉基础。企业可拓营销力在企业发展中具有重要作用，文章基于企业营销活动的市场影响力讨论了企业可拓营销力指数，并为其科学评价提供了一个新的方法。

关键词：营销力可拓力市场影响力可拓营销力指数

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Lessons from market reform for renewable integration in the European Union

Furong LI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第4期页码 623-629 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0575-x

摘要：

The European Union (EU) has the most advanced, mature, and liberal energy markets that gave rise to the most dramatic drop in wholesale energy prices, whose fallen, however, has not been translated into a reduction in retail energy prices. Instead, energy prices in Europe rose above inflation year-in-year-out, and are considerably higher compared with major economic partners. This paper highlights the key limitations in the EU market designs and network access toward renewable integration, and the wide range of reforms that the EU is currently undertaken across the Member States to achieve two goals: to make the market fit for renewable, and to set a practical example of how a competitive economy can be built on a sustainable and affordable energy system. This paper concludes with key recommendations to developing nations, particularly in addressing heavy renewable curtailment.

关键词： wholesale energy market retail energy market market for renewables

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A global carbon market?

Michael G. POLLITT

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第1期页码 5-18 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0011-x

摘要：

This paper explores the prospects for a global carbon market as the centerpiece of any serious attempt to reach the ambitious goal for greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions set by climate scientists. My aim is to clarify the extent to which we know what policy might best support global decarbonisation. We begin by discussing what we might mean by a global carbon market and its theoretical properties. We then go on to discuss the EU Emissions Trading System experience and the recent experience with the Australian carbon tax. Next, we assess recent carbon market initiatives in the US and in China. My argument is that while establishing the amount of emissions required and dividing it up acceptably between countries requires an enormous scientific and international negotiations effort, the economic instruments to deliver the agreed targets are readily at hand.

关键词： carbon market carbon tax EU ETS

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Effects of herding behavior of tradable green certificate market players on market efficiency: Insights

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第2期页码 266-285 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0752-1

摘要： Tradable green certificate (TGC) scheme promotes the development of renewable energy industry which currently has a dual effect on economy and environment. TGC market efficiency is reflected in stimulating renewable energy investment, but may be reduced by the herding behavior of market players. This paper proposes and simulates an artificial TGC market model which contains heterogeneous agents, communication structure, and regulatory rules to explore the characteristics of herding behavior and its effects on market efficiency. The results show that the evolution of herding behavior reduces information asymmetry and improves market efficiency, especially when the borrowing is allowed. In addition, the fundamental strategy is diffused by herding evolution, but TGC market efficiency may be remarkably reduced by herding with borrowing mechanism. Moreover, the herding behavior may evolve to an equilibrium where the revenue of market players is comparable, thus the fairness in TGC market is improved.

关键词： tradable green certificate herding behavior evolution heterogeneous agent model complex network

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Toward energy finance market transition: Does China’s oil futures shake up global spots market?

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 409-424 doi: 10.1007/s42524-022-0207-3

摘要： China is breaking through the petrodollar system, establishing RMB-dominating crude oil futures market. The country is achieving a milestone in its transition to energy finance market internationalization. This study explores the price leadership of China’s crude oil futures and identifies its price co-movement to uncover whether it truly shakes up the global oil spots market. First, we find that for oil spots under different gravities, China’s oil futures is only a net price information receiver from light-, medium-, and heavy-gravity oil spots, but it has a relatively stronger price co-movement with these three spots. Second, for oil spots under different sulfur contents, China’s oil futures still has weak price leadership in sweet, neutral, and sour oil spots, but it has strong co-movement with them. Third, for oil spots under different geographical origins, China’s oil futures shows price leadership in East Asian and Australian oil spots at the medium- and long-run time scales and strong price co-movement with East Asian, Middle Eastern, Latin American and Australian oil spots. China’s oil futures may not have good price leadership in global spots market, but it features favorable price co-movement.

关键词： China’s oil futures price information spillover price co-movement BK spillover index BDECO model

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CORRECTION to: A global carbon market?

Michael G. POLLITT

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 699-699 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0050-3

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Low-carbon technology calls for comprehensive electricity-market redesign

Yang YU

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第1期页码 128-130 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0020-9

摘要：

The energy transition also calls for electricity- market redesign. Low-carbon technologies will fundamentally reshape the electricity sector. The electricity generation and demand will be significantly unpredictable and uncontrollable thus require for a more sophisticated system operation to guarantee the grid stability and reliability. The higher difficulty induced by the green-technology penetration expose the electricity-market to a higher market-failure risk. Thus, the future low-carbon electricity-market and associated regulation scheme require a comprehensive new design.

关键词： low-carbon technology electricity-system operation market design

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碳配额市场下以乙醇胺溶液进行碳捕集的电厂的优化竞标和运行：基于强化学习的Sarsa时间差分算法的解决

李子昂, 王美宏, 丁正桃

《工程（英文）》 2017年第3卷第2期页码 257-265 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2017.02.014

摘要：

对于处在碳配额市场条件下以乙醇胺(MEA) 进行碳捕集的燃煤电厂，本文应用了基于强化学习的Sarsa 时间差分算法为其自行搜寻一种统一的竞标和运行策略。电厂的决策者的目的被定义为最大化电厂寿命下的贴现累计利润。其中，我们引入以下两个限制条件：一是碳捕集的高能耗和电力生产之间的权衡；二是碳排放交易市场中竞得的碳配额数量与电力生产导致的实际碳排放量的近似相等。本文给出了三个案例方便研究。第一个案例中，我们展示了Sarsa 算法将收敛到一个确定且优化的竞标和运行策略。第二个案例中，相互独立设计的运行和竞标策略与统一设计的运行和竞标策略相互比较，以表明加入了随时间变化、市场导向的碳捕集水平后，Sarsa 算法将有助于电厂决策者获得更高的贴现累计利润。第三个案例则引入了处在同一碳配额市场的另一电厂作为原电厂的竞争对手。两家电厂设置了相同的发电和二氧化碳捕集设备，但新电厂采用不同的策略获得利润。比较两家电厂的贴现累计利润，结果表明：采用Sarsa 学习算法、找到统一的竞标和运行策略的原电厂会更具竞争力。

关键词：电厂燃烧后碳捕集化学吸收碳配额市场决策优化强化学习

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An emerging market for groundwater remediation in China: Policies, statistics, and future outlook

Deyi Hou, Guanghe Li, Paul Nathanail

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-018-1027-x

摘要： There is a rapidly emerging and potentially huge market for the remediation of contaminated groundwater in China. The Chinese government published a Water Action Plan in April 2015, a Soil Action Plan in May 2016, and a draft Soil Pollution Prevention and Control Law in June 2017. All of these new policies and regulations put pressures on local governments and contaminated site owners, obliging them to conduct site investigation and to cleanup contaminated groundwater. The Chinese population in northern regions heavily depend on groundwater, with nearly 70% of water supply coming from aquifer sources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. However, poor groundwater quality due to natural geochemical background and anthropogeic pollution is a serious concern, with poor or very poor quality water observed in nearly 80% of groundwater monitoring wells in 17 northern provinces. Shallow groundwater in many areas has been contaminated by toxic pollutants such as heavy metals and chlorinated organic compounds. There is an urgent need to better understand the situation and to conduct groundwater remediation at contaminated sites. The Chinese government is investing heavily in the research and development for groundwater remediation, which is expected to greatly add to the quality and quantity of groundwater remediation projects in the near future.

关键词： Groundwater pollution Contaminated land Groundwater remediation Emerging market

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Role of local governments in fostering the development of an emerging industry: A market-oriented policy

Jun JIN, Maureen McKELVEY, Ying DONG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第3期页码 447-458 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0104-6

摘要： This research investigates the role of local governments in stimulating an emerging industry and focuses on the specific growth of the new energy vehicle industry in Hangzhou, China. This research confirms that enabling firms to access emerging technology, acquire financial support, and touch customers and/or suppliers are critical to foster the emergence and development of industries. Moreover, the primary contribution of this study is to emphasize the support of the local government in the development of emerging industries on the perspective of the creation of a large-scale market demand. The creation of large-scale market demand may inspire actors to be proactive in responding to these incentives; thus, public and private actions may help increase the accessibility to technology, infrastructure, and finances. Hence, a market-oriented policy that incentivizes the creation and expansion of market demand among diverse public and private actors should be seen as the key issue for the emergence and growth of emerging industries. Policies should also be adopted promptly with the development of the market.

关键词： market demand local government new energy vehicles

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A review of metro construction in China: Organization, market, cost, safety and schedule

Lieyun DING, Jie XU

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第1期页码 4-19 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2017015

摘要： China is now in an era of large-scale metro construction. This paper reviews the nature of Chinese metro engineering with a specific focus on its organization and market mode, cost structure, safety control and schedule management. Then, an examination on recent research in metro engineering of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) is also conducted, which indicates that information and automation based technologies are increasingly used in practice.

关键词： metro engineering construction status construction challenges NSFC

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Evaluation of global niobium flow modeling and its market forecasting

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第2期页码 286-293 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0823-y

摘要： Metal, as the indispensable material, is functioning the society from technology to the environment. Niobium (Nb) is considered a unique earth metal as it is related to many emerging technologies. The increasing economic growth exerts an increasing pressure on supply, which leads to its significance in the economic sector. However, few papers have addressed Nb sustainability, which forms the scope of this paper in order to start the process of Nb market forecasting based on some previous data and some assumptions. Therefore, this paper will discuss different thoughts in material substitution and the substance flow of Nb throughout a static flow using Nb global data to have a better understanding of the process of Nb from production to end of life. This shall lead to the identification of the market needs to determine its growth which is around 2.5% to 3.0%. Moreover, due to China’s huge Nb consumption which comes from the continuous development that is happening over the years, it will also briefly mention the Nb situation as well as its growth which according to statistics will grow steadily till 2030 by a rate of 4.0% to 6.0%. The results show that there should be some enhancement to Nb recycling potentials out of steel scrap. In addition, there should be more involvement of Nb in different industries as this would lead to less-used materials which can be translated to less environmental impact.

关键词： niobium (Nb) sustainability substance flow analysis recycling industrial ecology

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Demand response based congestion management in a mix of pool and bilateral electricity market model

Ashwani KUMAR, Charan SEKHAR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 164-178 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0187-9

摘要： The independent system operator (ISO) is a key element in the deregulated structure with one of the responsibilities of transmission congestion management (CM). The ISO opts market based solutions to manage congestion receiving bids from generation companies (GENCOs) as well as distribution companies (DISCOMs) to reschedule their generation and relocate demand. The nodal prices increases during the congestion hours and the demand response to nodal prices will be an effective tool for the control of congestion. In this paper, demand response-based CM has been proposed for a mix of pool and bilateral electricity market model. The linear bid curves have been considered for demand bids to respond to the congestion in the network. The bilateral demand has been obtained with minimum deviations in their preferred schedule. The impact of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices viz static var compensator (SVC) and thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) has also been considered for demand management during congestion. Multi-line congestion cases have been considered to study the impact on demand response without and with FACTS devices. The proposed approach has been tested on the IEEE 24 bus test system.

关键词： bid function congestion management (CM) demand response pool+bilateral electricity market static var compensator (SVC) thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC)